Lingula of the lung Various other types of diseases have been seen in the lingular segment. Inferior Segment Lingula Infiltrate Lingula of left lung View Related Images. Nov 3, 2020 · Reviewed and revised 21/2/13 OVERVIEW Dave Pilcher’s 4 rules for finding where you are: the trachea is D shaped, the flat wall is posterior the RML bronchus is anterior the apical (aka superior) segmental bronchi of the lower lobes are posterior if in doubt, go back to the carina VIDEO Bronchial Tree: Segmental Anatomy from […] Middle lobe syndrome or an MLS is a rare disorder of the lungs; involving the right middle lobe or/and lingula in particular. Posterior border. Inferoposterior surface of the left lung d. Oct 22, 2024 · Lung fissures are double-folds of visceral pleura that either completely or incompletely invaginate lung parenchyma to form the lung lobes. The lingula of the lung is also on the left lung and is a slight extension of the superior lobe, near the bottom of that region. Right lung, superior lobe. Feb 11, 2021 · The lingula is a combined term for the two lingular bronchopulmonary segments of the left upper lobe: superior lingular segment inferior lingular segment The two lingular segments are the most anterior of the segments in the left upper lobe ly Nov 8, 2017 · Though left lung lacks a middle lobe, the lingula of the left lung is anatomically similar to the middle lobe. Tumor. Lateral segment [S IV] Medial segment [S V] lingula of left lung a small projection from the lower portion of the upper lobe of the left lung. Proper understanding of the anatomy of the pulmonary lobes, segments, and fissures allows the surgeon to correlate imaging, pathologic Sep 2, 2017 · Total Lung Capacity (TLC) and Lung Compliance. A history of smoking makes this even more likely. Figure 2: Cross-sectional Detail of the Lung Left lung provides spaces for the heart. It is Jan 26, 2024 · Learn about the lingula lung, a tongue-like projection on the left superior lobe, and its role in gas exchange and respiratory efficiency. 2 days ago · The frontal view shows an airspace density in the left lower lung field (red arrow) which is silhouetting the left heart border (white arrow). Sep 27, 2022 · First things first, what is it? "Lung fibrosis refers to scarring of the lung, usually after infection or inflammation," says Dr. indents the anteroinferior aspect of the superior lobe of the left lung: creates the lingula, a tongue-like process of the superior lobe: fissure, oblique (N199,N211,TG4-30,TG4-31, Practical) deep groove in the surface of the lung that separates the upper lobe from the lower lobe (both lungs), and the middle lobe from the lower lobe (right lung) Feb 24, 2023 · Spread of cancer to the small arteries in the lung can result in tree-in-bud opacities. The left lung is divided into two lobes, an upper and a lower, by an interlobular fissure, which extends from the costal to the mediastinal surface of the lung both above and below the hilus. Nov 8, 2023 · Various types of pneumonia, which is a lung infection, can cause atelectasis. g. 2 inches. 4 days ago · The superior end of the lungs narrows to a rounded tip known as the apex. Atchabahian A, The lingula on the left corresponds to the right middle lobe. In: Atchabahian A, Gupta R. There is a theory that the lingula of the left lobe is actually a remnant of the left lung's middle lobe, which has gotten lost through evolution. Oct 4, 2022 · It must be remembered that the homogeneity of the consolidation will be influenced by any underlying lung disease. Atelectasis can lead to lung scarring and, in some cases, scar tissues can escalate into interstitial lung disease 1 2 3. If the patient's condition warrants, we feel that resection is the treatment of choice in lingular bronchiectasis. 23 Pulmonary ligament; 190. Q: Are there specific symptoms indicating a problem with the lingula? A: Symptoms like coughing, shortness of breath, or chest pain can indicate issues with the lingula, but these symptoms are not exclusive to it. It is an important anatomical feature that plays a crucial role in respiratory function. Infiltrates in this area can be seen on a chest X-ray or CT scan and may indicate various conditions such as infections (e. In rare instances, a growth or tumor can cause subsegmental atelectasis. Bronchopulmonary segments 6. Feb 4, 2025 · A lung lobe is a large, distinct section of a lung, anatomically separated from other lobes by fissures. It constitutes the two segmental lobes: superior lingular bronchopulmonary segment Where is the lingula located within the lungs? a. It descends anterolaterally to enter the lingula of the left lung. Methods. Blood supply of lungs 9. The posterior border of the lungs is thick Jul 23, 2024 · the lingula on the left is part of the left upper lobe and is the equivalent of the middle lobe on the right, and hence it has 2 segments, but in this case, it is divided into superior and inferior segments. Mar 16, 2025 · The lingula is a small tongue-like projection of the left lung that can be mentioned on radiology reports. 4 days ago · The lingula represents an analog for the middle lobe of the right lung, which is absent in the left lung due to the position of the heart on the left side of the thoracic cavity. 13). Long-standing pulmonary fibrosis increases your risk of developing lung cancer. Treatment can help to treat the underlying infection or inflammation and help prevent Aug 3, 2024 · Cardiogenic pulmonary edema happens when the heart cannot effectively pump blood, leading fluid to back up into the lung tissue. This article will discuss the lingula and some of the abnormalities that can be identified on imaging studies. Injury, lung disease or surgery could cause scarring. The clinical practice of thoracic surgery requires the surgeon to have intimate knowledge of pulmonary anatomy and of its variations. This thin inferomedial projection is called the lingula. clevelandclinic. ” It can be typical to hear diminished sounds in a patient who is obese or who doesn’t utilize much lung volume. org The left lung, unlike the right does not have a middle lobe. Gross anatomy Each lung has an oblique fissure, also known as the major fissure, that separates the upp The right lung is shorter and wider than the left lung, and the left lung occupies a smaller volume than the right. The cardiac notch is an indentation on the surface of the left lung, and it allows space for the heart (Figure 22. Atelectasis, a complete or partial collapse of a lung, can be reversed; scars in the lung cannot 1 2. Following structures are present in the lung root lungs: Principal bronchus in the left lung and eparterial and hypearterial bronchi in the right lung; Pulmonary artery; Superior and inferior pulmonary veins Of the 32 cases of lingular disease presented, 14 have been resected. Lung Segments The axial CT through the level of the heart shows a few of the right and left pulmonary segments including parts of the middle lobe, lingula and of the lung bases Ashley Davidoff MD TheCommonVein. The left lung has a concave region on the mediastinal surface called the cardiac notch that allows space for the heart. Blood circulation is very important, as blood is required to transport oxygen from the lungs to other tissues throughout the body. 폐의 링골라(lingula)는 왼쪽 폐의 상엽에 위치한 작은 혀 모양의 구조입니다. Carbon dioxide from tissue metabolism leaves the body through the lungs. Nov 21, 2023 · The superior lobe of the left lung is formed by four main bronchopulmonary segments: the apicoposterior (1, 2), anterior (3), superior lingular (4) and inferior lingular segments (5) which are situated at the lingula of the left lung. Oct 14, 2022 · The left upper lobe (LUL) is one of two lobes in the left lung. They are usually harmless, but there Right middle lobe syndrome (RMLS) generally refers to atelectasis in the right middle lobe of the lung. Carcinoma was encountered in four cases. A bronchopulmonary segment is defined as that area of lung supplied by a principal branch of a lobar bronchus. . Understanding diseases of the chest requires the radiologist to have a sound knowledge of the normal lung anatomy. The Lingula is a small, tongue-shaped projection that corresponds to the middle lobe of the lung. Occasionally with complete lobar consolidation, there may be an increased volume of the affected lobe, rather than the more frequent collapse. The human left lung is smaller and narrower that the right lung, and is divided into two lobes, an upper and a lower, by the oblique fissure. It enters the costomediastinal recess during respiration (Moore, Dalley and Agur, 2013). The most common definition of this lobe syndrome is the chronic or recurrent collapse of the middle lobe of the right lung. Hilum and Root of Lungs 4. Inferoanterior surface of the right lung The lingular bronchus is one of the two terminal branches of the left superior lobar bronchus, the other being the superior division bronchus. This is often caused by a small bronchus (tube that carries air to the lungs) is inflamed or blocked by mucus. In humans, each lung is divided into lobes to increase its efficiency in gas exchange. As seen on the surface, this fissure begins on the mediastinal surface of the lung at the upper and posterior part of the hilus, and runs backward and upward to the posterior border, which it crosses at a 1. There are two bronchopulmonary segments of the lingula: superior and inferior. This complication can present symptoms such as coughing up blood, weight loss, and persistent fever. The lung lingula, as a part of the left lung, plays a vital role in the respiratory system. Feb 11, 2021 · The lingula is a combined term for the two lingular bronchopulmonary segments of the left upper lobe: superior lingular segment inferior lingular segment The two lingular segments are the most anterior of the segments in the left upper lobe ly The lingula can be described as a small tongue-like structure, which happens to be one of the segments of the left lung. Lingula was seen as a separate lobe. Since there are many causes, the symptoms will depend on the underlying cause. Sep 4, 2018 · LUL (4 segments): apicoposterior, anterior, superior lingula, inferior lingula LLL (4 segments): superior, anteromedial basal, lateral basal, posterior basal Bronchopulmonary Segments May 4, 2022 · Normal lung sounds (named “vesicular” sounds when auscultated over the peripheral segments) should be somewhat quiet, but sounds that are too quiet are what we term “diminished. The lingula is located on the anterior side of the left lung, inferior to the cardiac notch and superior to the oblique fissure. Background. 30 Main bronchus; 152. Feb 4, 2025 · The lungs lie either side of the mediastinum, within the thoracic cavity. Nov 12, 2020 · What causes lung infiltrates? Many conditions can cause infiltrates such as: infection, inflamed lung, edema, tumor, scarring, collapsed lung tissue to name some. The lung lingula, a unique anatomical region, occupies the anteromedial section of the lung adjacent to the mediastinum. A lung diagram showing all of the parts of the lungs. there are 2 regions of the left lung in which 2 segments are joined as 1 as they have a common tertiary (segmental) bronchus: However, the term lingula is used to denote a projection of the upper lobe of the left lung that serves as the homologue, and some sources define this as a distinct lobe. The base of the lungs is concave to follow the contour of the diaphragm. Lingula lung surgery is a specialized procedure that aims to correct or alleviate conditions affecting the lingula lung segment. Some of the more common accessory fissure include 1: azygos fissure: most commonly seen accessory fissure; inferior accessory fissure; superior accessory fissure; left horizontal fissure Atelectasis and scarring are two conditions of the lungs that make it difficult to breath 1 2. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] There are two bronchopulmonary segments of the lingula: superior and inferior. The upper lobe of the left lung has superior and lingula divisions. [6]. Eat well: Nutrition plays a role in overall wellness as you live with lung scarring. Inferoanterior surface of the left lung b. The anterior segmental pulmonary arterial supply (A3) arises from the anterior aspect of the mediastinal portion of the LPA (pars anterior), and A3 typically subdivides into three portions (A3a, A3b, and A3c) (10). The lungs are paired and separated into lobes; The left lung consists of two lobes, whereas the right lung consists of three lobes. Surfaces and Borders of Lungs 3. See full list on my. Feb 11, 2021 · Learn about the lingula, a combined term for the two lingular bronchopulmonary segments of the left upper lobe. Thus the right lung has three lobes while the left has two. We can not tell the difference in many cases. Mediastinum Feb 12, 2025 · The right lung consists of 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower), while the left lung consists of 2 lobes (upper, lower) and the lingula, a structure that is homologous to the middle lobe of the right lung. In 1948, Graham was the person to report 12 patients with nontuberculous pneumonitis and Nov 9, 2023 · What Are the Chances a Lung Mass Is Cancer? If you have a lung mass, the most likely diagnosis is lung cancer. The medial surfaces of both lungs lie in close Jun 12, 2015 · The hilar structures and pulmonary ligament suspend and stabilize the lungs in the chest cavity. Description: The lingula is the small tongue-like medial projection of lung tissue that overlaps the anterior surface of the left ventricle of the heart and forms the inferior border of the cardiac notch. The lung vasculature is organized to support these functions. Anatomy. The lingular bronchus bifurcates into superior and inferior lingular segmental bronchi. upper and lower) with less segments. Sep 1, 2022 · An unusual appearance of lingula was seen in five lungs where the SAF was present. 53347/rID-7393 Sep 3, 2024 · A lung nodule is an irregular growth in your lungs that has a diameter of less than 30 millimeters (mm), or 1. It plays a crucial role in facilitating respiration by aiding in the ventilation and oxygenation of the lung. It is most commonly described on chest X-rays and CT scans. The right lung has three lobes (ie. It is most commonly caused by bacterial infections, and prompt treatment with antibiotics is crucial for recovery. Hilum of lung; Root of lung; Lingula of left lung; Superior lobe (upper lobe) Middle lobe (only on right) Inferior lobe (lower lobe) Oblique fissure; Horizontal fissure of right lung; 144. There are 10 bronchopulmonary segments in the right lung (3 in superior lobe, 2 in middle lobe, 5 in inferior lobe) and 9 segments on the left (4 in upper lobe, 5 in lower lobe). Its function primarily involves oxygen exchange and carbon dioxide removal, contributing to the overall respiratory process. Feb 4, 2024 · Airspace disease refers to a range of conditions affecting the lungs. Lung nodules are very common and are estimated to occur in 2% to 24% of the Two to seven branches may originate from the proximal LPA to supply the left upper lobe and lingula (Figure 1b, 1c) (8-9). This is when air leaks into the space between your lungs and chest wall, causing some or all of a lung to collapse. In this guide, we’ll discuss the basics of airspace disease, its causes, symptoms, and the crucial role of imaging in diagnosis and management. The right lung has three lobes – superior, middle, and inferior – while the left lung has two lobes – superior and inferior. Dec 7, 2017 · The left lung comprises 8 segments: 4 in the left upper lobe (apicoposterior, anterior, superior lingula, and inferior lingula) and 4 in the left lower lobe (superior, anteromedial, lateral, and posterior). It constitutes the two segmental lobes: superior lingular bronchopulmonary segment Dec 13, 2020 · Linear atelectases may result in minor linear densities of varying thickness usually parallel to the diaphragm, most commonly at the lung bases or less mobile regions of the lungs (e. The risk also is higher among people with exposure to cancer-causing substances due to their occupation. The inferior end of the lungs, known as the base, rests on the dome-shaped diaphragm. Surfactant 8. Nerve supply of Lungs 11. Histopathology of Alveoli 7. Tree-in-bud symptoms. Oct 15, 2023 · Lingular pneumonia is a respiratory condition that affects the left lung’s lingula, causing symptoms like cough, fever, and chest pain. Fissures and Lobes of Lungs 5. Jan 1, 2018 · The lingula of the lung is the region of the left superior lobe that is the equivalent to the right middle lobe in terms of segmental bronchi equivalents. Oct 13, 2017 · Lung roots move downward and forward in full inspiration to allow expansion of the posterior part of the lung. 14 Right pulmonary artery; 190. These small spots, often found during routine chest X-rays or CT scans, raise concerns about lung cancer and other serious conditions. Pleura 12. In humans, the left lung does not contain a middle lobe, unlike the right lung. The lingula of the lung is a small, tongue-shaped structure located in the left lung. Avoid high altitudes if possible. A thin anterior portion of the upper lobe of the left lung overlaps the heart and continues downward to a narrow point, forming the lingula, the tonguelike anatomical counterpart of the middle lobe of the right lung (see Figure 2-2). Other lung problems. Take care of your lungs: Reduce your exposure to smoke, irritants, and pollution. Double-layered pleural Aug 2, 2023 · Accessory fissures of the lung usually occur at the borders of bronchopulmonary segments. This term is widely used to describe changes in the lung tissues visible through imaging techniques like X-rays or CT scans. 29 Left pulmonary artery; 230. ChurchilP found only four in 50 cases with bronchiectasis. One important component of the respiratory system is the Lingula of Lung, which is located in the left lung. Case study, Radiopaedia. Aug 17, 2023 · The superior lobe of the left lung is formed by four main bronchopulmonary segments: the apicoposterior (1, 2), anterior (3), superior lingular (4) and inferior lingular segments (5) which are situated at the lingula of the left lung. The lung is split into 10 segments or parts on each side. 35 Feb 15, 2024 · Lung cancer. The apex of the lung is the superior region, whereas the base is the opposite region near the diaphragm. 35 A multitude of underlying pathologic conditions including lymphadenopathy, neoplasm, granulomatous disease, broncholiths, and many others have been implicated. The left lung has only two formal lobes because of the space taken up in the left side of the chest cavity by the heart, though it does have the lingula, which is similar to a lobe. This lingula appeared to be elongated as compared to the other lungs in sample. They are suspended from the mediastinum by the lung root – a collection of structures entering and leaving the lungs. The left lung consist of two lobes and is longer and narrower than the right lung. For instance, the right upper lobe contains three segments: apical, posterior, and anterior. Find out how to diagnose and treat lingula-related conditions, such as pneumonia and atelectasis, and how to prevent them. The left lung shares its space with the heart , which it accommodates in the cardiac notch. Feb 26, 2025 · Atelectasis (pronounced at-uh-LEK-tuh-sis) is a term for the partial or complete collapse of the small airways in the lungs. [1] The lungs are shielded by the rib cage within the thoracic cavity, flanking the heart on either side. TLC refers to the maximum volume of air the lungs of an adult person can hold. the apex of the heart is covered The right lung consists of three lobes and is shorter than the left lung, due to the position of the liver underneath it. upper, middle and lower) with ten segments, while the left lung has two lobes (ie. Jul 5, 2021 · The lungs are covered by a serous membrane called the visceral pleura, and the surrounding cavity formed between the lungs and the surrounding chest wall and mediastinum, covered by parietal pleura, is called the pleural cavity. Surgical excision of the lingular portion of the left upper lobe of the lung. Dickinson. In the left upper lobe the apical and posterior segment share a common trunk segmental bronchus and are combined into the apicoposterior segment. Fillers and particulate matter in injected drugs can cause a reaction in the lungs which results in tree-in-bud opacities. The left lung is smaller than the right and has 8 segments compared to the 10 segments on the right. lingula). The lingula on the left lung serves as an anatomic parallel to the middle lobe on the right lung, with both areas being predisposed to similar infections and anatomic complications. The Function of the Lung Lingula. This case report presents a groundbreaking discovery of a hitherto undocumented ligament connecting the lingula lobe of the left lung to the diaphragm. Measles Cases on the Rise Several states are reporting cases of measles, a highly contagious viral disease. The study involved a routine dissection of The lungs are divided into lobes: the right lung has three lobes (upper, middle, and lower), while the left lung has two (upper and lower). Oxygen enters the bloodstream from the environment through the alveoli. Unlike other segments, it is positioned beneath the cardiac notch, allowing it to adapt to the heart’s shape and maintain optimal airflow. Inferoposterior surface of the right lung c. Understanding when to follow or work these up is key. The two lobes of the left lung are separated by the major or oblique fissure, which is the only fissure on the left side. Gross Anatomy of Lungs 2. The oblique and horizontal fissure divides the lungs into superior, middle and inferior lobes. A similar observation was also made in a study by Ref. Other subsegmental atelectases present as linear or wedge-shaped densities and can affect any lung lobe. See radiographic features, related pathology and annotated CT images of the lingula. Both of these divisions have two segments each. Atelectasis can be due to tumors growing in lung tissue or an airway. There are two bronchopulmonary segments of the lingula: Superior and inferior. The predominating disease was bronchiectasis. Lung Abscess: Lingular pneumonia can occasionally lead to the development of a lung abscess, which is a pus filled cavity in the lung tissue. Both lungs have oblique fissures and the right is further divided by a transverse fissure. Patients with myocardial infarction (heart attacks) or chronic heart failure can develop pulmonary edema, as can some patients with kidney failure or severe hypertension (high blood pressure). Below the notch is the lingula of the left lung - a tongue-like projection of the left superior lobe. Each lung is surrounded by a pleural cavity, which is formed by the visceral and parietal pleura. Lymphatics of Lungs 10. Lateral segment [S IV] Medial segment [S V] Jan 7, 2024 · A: Yes, lung exercises can enhance overall lung capacity and health, benefiting the lingula as well. Gross anatomy Location Lingula (lingula pulmonis sinistri) Lingula (lingula pulmonis sinistri) Lingula (lingula pulmonis sinistri) A segment is a structural element of the lung, which includes a part of the pulmonary parenchyma, a segmental bronchus, and an artery. Attempts to perform thoracic procedures without this knowledge can only result in incomplete operations or technical mishaps. org/10. Feb 24, 2025 · Finding a lung nodule on a radiology report can be unsettling. The left lung lies lateral to the left ventricle, aorta, left subclavian artery, left brachiocephalic vein, trachea, esophagus, and left phrenic and vagus nerves. It is important to realize that lingular disease can Oct 14, 2022 · The left upper lobe (LUL) is one of two lobes in the left lung. "Lung tissue usually acts like a sponge – it opens and closes to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. In this blog post, we will explore the anatomy, function, and common conditions associated with the lingula of the lung. Dec 15, 2020 · lingula is a flap of lung tissue of the left upper (superior) lobe that lies below cardiac notch. The lingula offers technical advantages for biopsy, however the quality of tissue obtained by lingula biopsy has been questioned. The segmental conception of pulmonary anatomy is not new, but has become increasingly important in recent years. We have described in detail methods of investigating segmental anatomy and radiology, and Mar 11, 2022 · Lung granulomas, also referred to as rheumatoid or lung nodules, occur in 20 percent of people with RA, a condition that causes joint pain and inflammation. The left lung is slightly smaller than the right lung because 2/3 of the heart is located on the left side of the Nov 10, 2022 · Atelectasis is a condition where alveoli in your lung or a part of your lung deflates, causing a partial or complete collapsed lung. It is separated from the left lower lobe by the left oblique fissure and subdivided into four bronchopulmonary segments, two of which represent the lingula. It is a small, distinct lobe-like structure, forming the superior portion of the left lower lobe. Gaillard F, Left lingula consolidation. May 19, 2023 · Calcified lung granulomas are benign, but sometimes, they cause scarring of the lungs or breathing problems. On the left lung, there is a deep impression from the left ventricle which forms the cardiac notch. However, most lung nodules are harmless. Lung biopsy is commonly performed for diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary disease. However the term lingula is used to denote a projection of the upper lobe of the left lung that serves as the homologue. Cadaveric lung impressions demonstrate the differences in the mediastinal relations. Gross anatomy Location Mar 10, 2019 · It means that small part of the lung is airless and collapsed. Pneumothorax. Ask your healthcare provider for a referral to a nutritionist. 5 cm) and curves inferomedially to the sixth costal cartilage. 8s. Scarring of lung tissue. net 32557bb03. Middle lobe syndrome is an uncommon disorder resulting in atelectasis, bronchiolitis, or bronchiectasis of the lingula and right middle lobe resulting from extrinsic compression or airway obstruction. org (Accessed on 13 Apr 2025) https://doi. For example, carpenters may have an elevated risk for cancers caused by wood dust. Respiratory Failure: In severe cases of lingular pneumonia, respiratory failure can occur. This area of the left lobe - the lingula, means little tongue (in Latin) and is often referred to as the tongue in the lung. Each lobe is further divided into segments. IV drug use. The lingula of the lung is a small tongue-shaped structure located on the upper lobe of the left lung. In lung fibrosis, that process is limited," explains Dr. homolog of right middle lobe. There are May 30, 2024 · It reduces shortness of breath by strengthening the heart and lungs. Pneumothorax is a condition where air leaks into the space around your lung, compressing it and causing it to collapse. We sought to determine whether lingula biopsy was a satisfactory site for biopsy in terms of diagnostic yield, therapeutic interventions, and survival results. All Lung Anatomy for Fiber-Optic Bronchoscopy. The lingula of lung is unique to the left lung, comprising two segments: superior and inferior. Apical segment [S I] Posterior segment [S II] Anterior segment [S III] Right lung, middle lobe. As pulmonary fibrosis gets worse over time, it may lead to serious problems such as blood clots in the lungs, a collapsed lung or lung infections. The oblique fissure in the left lung separates the superior and the inferior lobes. Surgeons may opt for partial or complete removal of the segment, depending on the severity and nature of the condition. 2 Pulmonary veins Ithas been shown that bronchiectasis of the lingula associated with left lower lobe bronchiectasis occurs in between 75 and 80 per cent of cases. What’s a common cause of lung infiltrates? In my experience, an infiltrate most commonly represents an infection such as a pneumonia. They are common normal variants but are less commonly seen on imaging. It is the sum of the air released by the lung after a maximum exhalation (vital capacity or VC) and the volume of air left behind within the lungs after a deepest exhalation (residual volume or RV) [46]. Middle Lobe Syndrome. Jan 21, 2025 · The lingula is located on the left lung’s upper lobe but is separated into its own section due to its unique anatomy. On this basis, each lung is divided into a convenient number of major segments. Apr 20, 2024 · The lungs' primary function is to facilitate gas exchange. , pneumonia), inflammation, or other lung pathologies. In contrast, the presence of solitary lingular bronchiectasis without segmental disease of the lung elsewhere has been infrequent. The lateral view confirms the pneumonia is anterior, in the region of the lingula (blue arrows) 1. On the left, due to the cardiac notch, the lung is pushed laterally at the level of the fourth costal cartilage (approximately 3. lcunvx hmqe oad qatxd xejn wicf ryoa mosew ojob fqqcuft clr jarnc yipzsuk wdfwf biqx